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锁定:(v1.1)怒火危崖
第2部份-让我们说说航空电子:俄国战斗机的新雷达
摘要翻译（3GO-251 sunwolf）：
LOFC的N001和N019新的雷达模式是按照1989年性能标准。有2个BVR主模式和3个BVR子模式，还有垂直扫描模式；雷达孔径模式；导弹搜索头模式和头盔瞄准模式。除头盔瞄准模式以外的其他模式都与旧版本不同。
记得最早的FLANKER1.0里的BVR主模式叫“DVB”，在HUD上显示雷达回波点，系统选择一个回波点来跟踪，并且玩家可以改变系统的跟踪。后来在FLANKER2.0里DVB变成玩家用扫描框指定目标，老的DVB取消了。后来的DVB模式增强为类似TWS型，可以隐蔽的攻击多个目标（这点即使是现代的N001雷达也做不到）。在LOCKON1.02里俄国战斗机的TWS型完全取消了。
DVB-“scan扫描”（俄语形似Ob3）模式是俄国版本的RWS，象1989年以前的飞机上的。它有三个子模式。
第一个是用于前半球的高脉冲重复频率子模式，游戏里叫做“PPS”。
为了获知当前的DVB子模式，你可以查看顶部左边，距离标尺的旁边。PPS意为“迎头”或“相遇”模式，用来探测接近你的前半球目标。接近率越高，探测距离越远，类似FALCON游戏里AN/APG-68的VS矢量扫描，不过PPS比VS更灵敏，更不易丢失低接近率目标。
这个模式是3个扫描子模式中最可靠的，真飞行员最常用。你拥有以前习惯的扫描框。你可以控制雷达天线仰角，为了兼顾最大搜索范围和最小天线尺寸，你必须手工设置天线仰角对准预期的目标。方位角控制分为左/中/右3档。
HUD上会显示方位角档位/距离/仰角。没有美国的自动2线-8线扫描功能，你会花大量时间来调整天线仰角，并常常因此丢失目标。你必须手工设置天线仰角对准目标所在的那片天空。
第二个扫描子模式叫做“ZPS”，意为“尾追”模式。这个中脉冲重复频率子模式最适合探测后半球退却目标，此时你位于目标的尾部。
第三个扫描子模式是缺省模式，叫做“AVT”，又称“自动”模式。这是一个交替高/中脉冲重复频率子模式，比PPS和ZPS探测距离缩短25%。是DVB扫描模式的缺省子模式，虽然探测距离缩短，但是能更快的烧穿干扰，并且适用于更广泛的目标。很象美国雷达的RWS模式。
一些资料表明应该还有第四种DVB-扫描子模式，称“自由搜索”。是另外一种高脉冲重复频率子模式，象PPS，但作了变化以对抗箔条干扰。游戏里没有“自由搜索”模式。
第二个BVR主模式是DVB-SNP（俄语形似CHn），即“飞行同时跟踪”自动攻击模式，是俄国TWS的前身。
LOFC里你必须在PPS或ZPS扫描子模式里启动SNP主模式。
如上所述，交替扫描子模式在游戏里缩写“AVT”，俄语形似“af-to”，意为“Auto自动”。此时你可能会联想到“飞行同时跟踪”SNP主模式的“自动”跟踪，而不是PPS或ZPS子模式。为什么“Auto自动”模式是三个DVB-扫描子模式中唯一不能启动SNP主模式的？原因后面详述。这里的“Auto自动”模式里的“自动”是指雷达扫描时高脉冲重复频率和中脉冲重复频率自动反复切换，而不是指SNP主模式的“自动”跟踪。
真实的Mig-29和Su-27飞行员如何启动SNP模式？真实的俄国飞机的TWS如下运作：
Mig-29：
只有拨动“雷达模式开关”把雷达设成V（VSTRETCHA-迎面目标）或D（DOGON-尾追目标），同时把“ZPS-PPS”开关（注意这是另一个开关）拨到ZPS（ZADNYAYA POLUSHPERA-后半球）或PPS（PEREDNYAYA POLUSHPERA-前半球），才可以启动TWS。注意开关必须互相配合： “D”对应“ZPS”；“V”对应“PPS”，否则不能启动TWS。
关于PFR，PFR是脉冲重复频率Pulse Frequency Rate的缩写， “V”使用高PFR，“D”使用中PFR。AVT（自动）雷达模式使用高/中交替PFR，即在雷达天线每个扫描周期内PFR在高/中之间来回切换，这就是TWS不能在AVT（自动）雷达模式里启动的原因。
Su-27：
“PPS-AVT-ZPS”开关整合了对脉冲重复频率和启动TWS能力的控制。在“AVT”位置不能启动TWS。
DVB-SNP模式可为你区分目标的优先次序。目标指定框会自动为你套在接近率最高的那个回波点上，并且不需锁定就可跟踪目标，直到进入选定武器的最佳攻击距离。但是不同于美国的TWS，你不知道那个回波点的接近速率数值和态势角信息。并且因为是早期雷达，你只能针对一个目标。一旦达到发射参数，系统会自动进入STT（单目标锁定）攻击模式以备发射导弹。1989年以后的雷达（如Su-27SMK的雷达）能针对2个目标，制导RVV-AE导弹。这更象美国的TWS和AMRAAM。
新的雷达战斗模式操作更复杂，更真实。在DVB-“scan扫描”模式下可以锁定干扰；在ECM环境下不能启动DVB-SNP模式；在DVB-“scan扫描”模式的三个子模式（PPS和ZPS和Auto）下能显示干扰，那是贯穿HUD一竖列闪动的短划，你可以手工锁定它，但没有任何距离信息，属于盲射。通过AWACS获得距离信息，一旦进入射程就可以手工设定雷达距离并开火！R-27R/RE和R-77（RVV-AE）都能跟踪干扰进行雷达制导，如果进入烧穿距离或目标停止干扰，R-77弹上雷达也能进行雷达制导。现在这些导弹的初段制导是载机数据链修正的惯性制导，更象AMRAAM。这意味着如果丢失锁定，R-27能以惯性制导飞向目标最后已知位置，如果你恢复锁定，R-27也再次锁定目标。充分利用射程优势（F-Pole战术-译注），R-27R/RE也是致命的。
雷达近距战斗模式也有一点变化。在垂直扫描模式里如果目标进入HUD上显示的扫描区，雷达会自动锁定它。雷达孔径模式无变化。FIO导弹搜索头模式变化很大：红外制导导弹能自动锁定目标，更象F-15上的AMRAAM的“目视”发射模式，而且导弹锁定目标时耳机里还有提示音。只要目标能被看见，就能攻击它，即使HUD已损坏。把目标放到HUD玻璃中央，等候提示音响起，发射！在雷达的所有攻击模式下，HUD上都有一个小点表示雷达扫描锥中心位置，不要让小点离开HUD范围，否则雷达会因为天线偏转到了极限而丢失目标。
EOS现在可以分辨最远25km的前半球目标，具体要看目标尺寸和热信号的大小。可以通过EOS控制R-27T/TE和R-60/73瞄准目标，但是不能控制任何雷达制导型导弹。你不能同时使用雷达和EOS制导。
在航电方面，俄国的雷达不象美国的那么复杂。这是完全不同的系统，是地球另半边的人们根据完全不同的空战原理设计制造的。俄国雷达更简单，更直接，也有更多的限制。
译注
E-pole -- the distance one can turn away from a bandit while still staying out of its WEZ.
F-pole -- the distance between your aircraft and the target aircraft at missile time-out.
A-pole -- The distance between one's aircraft and the target when the an ARH(active radar home) goes active.
原文如下（摘自SimHQ网站上的一篇PDF文件,感谢作者Cat）：
Lock On (v1.1): Flaming Cliffs
Part 2 - Let's Talk Avionics: New Radars for the Russian Fighters
by Cat
For me, the most important change in Lock On (v1.1): Flaming Cliffs is one that a lot of people won't pay much attention to. We at last have access to the most realistically modeled air radar seen in a sim since the Falcon series. What Eagle did for the AN/APG-63 in the F-15C, they have at last done for the Su-27's N-001 and the MiG-29's first-generation N-019 radars…only more so. More than new radar modes have been added. The team has tweaked radar performance in all the aircraft. Radar jamming gate has been overhauled. ECM burn-through ranges are now modeled more precisely. Doppler effects are better modeled. And there's more.
FC actually looks at the geometry, how the target is presenting in relation to the emitting platform. This is most prevalent in the Russian aircraft, because the Russian radars have to be set for front-aspect or rear-aspect targets to perform most efficiently.
To understand this, we have to look at the new radar modes.
FC now models the N-001 and N-019 radars as they are found in aircraft built prior to about 1989. You'll find two beyond-visual-range master modes and three sub-modes, along with a vertical scan close combat mode, a radar spotlight mode, a missile seeker mode and the helmet targeting mode. Only the helmet mode is unchanged from previous versions of the game. All the rest are so different as to be barely recognizable. Excited? I sure am.
You will remember that the original Flanker's BVR master mode was "DVB", and this mode showed radar contacts on the HUD. The system chose which one to lock up, and you had very little control over which ones the system picked. Later, as the game evolved into version 2, DVB was changed to allow the player to use a scan box to designate targets and the old DVB mode was basically dropped. DVB mode was later enhanced with a TWS-style mode that allowed silent launches on multiple targets, which even modern N-001 radars still can't do, and in Lock On v1.02 the TWS modes were removed totally. That's all changed now.
DVB "Scan" (looks like Ob3 in Cyrillic) is the Russian version of Range-While-Search, and looks now like what you'd find in a real pre-1989 aircraft. It has three sub-modes.
First is the high pulse-repetition frequency forward-hemisphere submode, which in Russian is designated "PPS" in the game.
You can tell which DVB submode is active by looking at the top left, next to the range scale. PPS, also known as "Head On", or "Encounter" mode, is designed to detect targets in forward aspect with a closing velocity (Vc). The higher the Vc, the longer away the radar will pick up targets, just like Vector Search mode in Falcon 4.0's simulated AN/APG-68. Unlike VS, though, PPS submode in the N-001/019 is more sensitive and less likely to lose targets with low closing velocity.
This is the most reliable of the three "Scan" submodes and the one real Russian pilots use most often. You have the same scan-zone box that you had before to lock onto the target. You have control of the radar dish in elevation, and to get full elevation and depression play of the radar dish, you have to manually set the target's expected range fairly far out. You have azimuth control in three zones-left, center, and right.
You can flick the dish through the three zones and up/down fairly quickly if you program the controls into your HOTAS. HUD indicators tell you what azimuth position you're in, where you've set the expected range, and where the dish is in the vertical axis. It is important not to just set the range out long so you can control the dish through its full range of motion, because unlike American radars that automatically scan up and down in elevation two to eight bars in any position, these don't and you can find yourself taking too long to get the dish around the horizon. You'll lose your target that way. You want to limit its travel and concentrate on a fairly narrow band of sky where you're looking for the target.
The second "Scan" submode is "ZPS", also known as "Pursuit" submode. This medium-PRF mode is best at detecting rear-aspect, receding targets for when you are in a stern chase.
The third "Scan" submode is the default, and it is "AVT" submode, also known as "Automatic" submode. This is an interleaved high/medium PRF mode, and its range is cut by about 25% over PPS and ZPS due to that. It is the default DVB-Scan submode, and is probably the least overall reliable of the three due to its lessened range. However, it will burn through jamming a little faster and it is more discriminating at target selection than PPS or ZPS. It is the closest analogue to an American range-while-search radar mode such as vanilla RWS in the F-15C's APG-63.
Some sources indicate that there should be a fourth DVB-Scan submode, called "Free Search". This is another high-PRF mode similar to PPS, but its main difference is that it is intended to, and programmed specially to, reject countermeasures such as chaff. Free Search is not in the game, but you won't miss it. This submode is so much like PPS as to be indistinguishable for most users.
The second DVB master mode is DVB-SNP, (looks like CHn in Cyrillic) which is the track-while-fly automatic engagement mode, the early Russian version of track-while-scan. In FC, you have to be in the PPS or ZPS "Scan" submodes to access SNP master mode.
Now, as I stated above, the interleaved-scan submode is abbreviated in-game "AVT", or "af-to", in Cyrillic. In other words, "Auto". You may have read that this submode should be linked to the "automatic" tracking function of the track-while-fly SNP master mode rather than the PPS or ZPS submodes. In "Easy Tartar's" review of the MiG-29's radar here, he indicates this to be the case. I think Eagle's got it right and "Auto" mode is correctly modeled. I got the scoop from none other than Oleg Tishenko-Eagle's avionics genius. Be sure: how can ya go wrong on a technical flight sim question with a guy named Oleg? Anyway, Oleg's point is that the for-real MiG-29 manual (how cool is that, readers?) they're using at Eagle to model this functionality has "Auto" submode as the only one of DVB-Scan's submodes that can't enter SNP master mode. Look below for the reason why this is. And this would mean that the "Auto" in the title of Auto submode refers to the automatic switching from high to medium PRF and back again as the radar scans, rather than a link to SNP mode. Oleg sent me this interesting tidbit, via Matt Wagner, on how actual MiG-29 and Su-27 pilots get into SNP mode:
In real life, the TWS on Russian aircraft works in this manner:
MiG-29:
TWS can be engaged ONLY if you was set radar to V (VSTRETCHA - closing to target) or D (DOGON - pursuit of target) by rotary "radar mode switch" and if you set "ZPS-PPS" switch (note it is another switch) to ZPS (ZADNYAYA POLUSHPERA - rear hemishpere), or to PPS (PEREDNYAYA POLUSHPERA - front hemishpere). These two switches must be correlated between each other. "D" corresponds to "ZPS", and "V" corresponds to "PPS". Overwise TWS-mode will not be engaged.
About PFR. PFR - Pulse Frequency Rate. "V" corresponds to high PFR, and "D" to medium PFR. In the AVT (AUTO) radar mode there is interleaved PFR. Interleaved PFR it is when frequency rate is switched between high and medium rates at each radar antenna scan period. This is the reason why TWS can not be engaged in AVT (AUTO) radar mode.
Su-27:
At Su-27 the "PPS-AVT-ZPS" switch toggles both PFR and ability to engage TWS mode. In AVT position you can not to engage TWS respectively.
This little piece of radar trivia aside, which I'm sure hardcore simmers will ENDLESSLY and joyfully debate on our boards, what DVB-SNP master mode does is prioritize targets for you. It will place the target designator box over the target with highest closing velocity, thus bugging it for you automatically, and track it without locking on until you're in optimal engagement range for your selected weapon. However, unlike an American track-while-scan setup (cf. the F-15C's APG-63), you don't get Vc or aspect info on the bugged target. And since this is an early radar, you only have the ability to mark one target for termination. Once you're in launch parameters for the selected ordnance, the system will automatically go into Attack (single-target-track) mode and ready a missile for firing. Post-1989 or so radars, like that found in later Su-27SMK aircraft, can prioritize and guide RVV-AE missiles to two targets, more like an American TWS setup can do with AMRAAM.
In the final analysis, the new radar combat modes get two thumbs and a big toe up from me. They're my hands-down favorite added functionality in the game, even more so than the new aircraft. They're great fun to fiddle with, realistic as heck, and rather more intuitive than the previous setup for Russian aircraft once you get used to it.
You'll like this: Russian jets now have lock-on-jam available in DVB-Scan mode. You cannot go to DVB-SNP in an ECM environment. In DVB-Scan's three submodes (PPS, ZPS, and Auto), you will get jamming strobes that flicker in a vertical band of static across the HUD, and you can command a manual lock-on. Once you do, you will not get any ranging info. You're firing blind. Call your AWACS for range to target, and once you're in range, manually set the range carat using your radar range keys and fire! The R-27R/RE and R-77 (RVV-AE) can all track a jamming target, and will default to direct radar guidance or the onboard radar for the R-77 once burn through happens or the target quits jamming. And now these missiles initially guide by inertial updating from your aircraft datalink, much like an AMRAAM does! This means that if you lose lock for an R-27, the missile will use the link to guide via inertial guidance to the target's last known position. It will re-acquire if you re-acquire the target. R-27R/RE missiles have just become more deadly in the hands of a skilled f-pole jouster.
Radar close combat modes are a little different. Although the "Boresight" searchlight mode is no different, the Vertical Scan mode now locks on automatically when a target is in the HUD scan area. Also, the FIO missile-seeker-lock-on mode is VERY different, because it will lock on automatically when you're using an IR missile! It works very much like a "Visual" AMRAAM launch in the F-15, except you get tone in your headset when the missile is locked to its target. If you can see it, you can kill it, even when you have no HUD. Put it in the center of the combining glass, wait for the tone, and let fly! Also, in Attack mode for all radar modes, there is now a dot in the HUD that tells you where the center of your radar scan zone is. Keep it in the HUD, or gimbal-lock your radar!
The EOS has been fine tuned and now will pick up targets in front aspect as far away as 25 kilometers, depending on size and heat signature. You cannot target radar missiles of any type with it, but you can coordinate stealth attacks with R-27T/TE missiles and R-60/73 close combat missiles. You cannot have both radar and EOS active simultaneously.
In closing, I think that the new changes to the N-001 and N-019 radar are in many ways a throwback to the days of sims like Falcon 4.0, in the avionics department. No, these Soviet-era radar are not as complex as Falcon's AN/APG-68 is, but the real Russian radar aren't, either. They're different systems, born half a world away and engineered by people with a totally different air combat philosophy than Western sim-aviators are used to. I find them oddly dynamic and intuitive, and at the same time their limitations give one a great appreciation of the West's technical superiority that continues to this day in the current generation of combat aircraft. Even though it is getting long in the tooth, the current-day F-15C can still stand toe-to-toe with the best the rest of the world has to offer. Thanks to Igor Tishin and his Eagle Dynamics crew, the combat aircraft that much of the rest of the world depends on can also be seen and flown in the virtual skies. I'm glad to see it, and will greatly enjoy flying the Su-27 and MiG-29 in the future thanks to these changes. Expect Lock On: Flaming Cliffs to be released toward the end of the year, in CD form for Russia, and via direct download for the rest of the world. It's a good investment for anyone who loves this series of sims and enjoys flying Soviet-era combat aircraft. Don't miss it.
[ 本帖最后由 3go-251 于 2008-10-11 13:57 编辑 ] |
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发表于 2006-9-6 12:49:05
